Valle dei Templi

Infobox World Heritage Site

WHS = Archaeological Area of Agrigento
Image =
State Party =
Type = Cultural
Criteria = i, ii, iii, iv
ID = 831
Region = Europe and North America
Year = 1997
Session = 21st
Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/831
The Valle dei Templi''' (English: '''''Valley of the Temples''''', Sicilian: '''''Vaddi di li Tempri'' ) is an archaeological site in Agrigento (ancient Greek ''Akragas''), Sicily, southern Italy. It is one of the most outstanding examples of Greater Greece art and architecture, and is one of the main attractions of Sicily as well as a national monument of Italy. The area was included in the UNESCO Heritage Site list in 1997. Much of the excavation and restoration of the temples was due to the efforts of archaeologist Domenico Antonio Lo Faso Pietrasanta (1783-1863), who was the Duke of Serradifalco from 1809 through 1812. The term "valley" is a misnomer, the site being located on a ridge outside the town of Agrigento.

Overview

The Valley includes remains of seven temples, all in Doric style. The identification of the names, apart that of the ''Olympeion'', are a mere tradition established in the Renaissance times. The temples are:
Temple of Juno, built in the 5th century BC and burnt in 406 BC by the Carthaginians. It was usually used for the celebration of weddings.
Temple of Concordia, whose names stems from a Latin inscription found nearby, and which was also built in the 5th century BC. Turned into a church in the 6th century AD, it is now one of the best preserved in the Valley.
Temple of Heracles, who was one of the most venerated deities in the ancient ''Akragas''. It is the most ancient in the Valley: destroyed by an earthquake, it consists today of only eight columns.
Temple of Zeus Olympic, built in 480 BC to celebrate the city-state's victory over Carthage. It is characterized by the use of large size atlases.
Temple of Castor and Pollux. Despite its remains include only four columns, it is now the symbol of modern Agrigento.
Temple of Vulcan, also dating from the 5th century BC. It is thought to have been one of the most imposing constructions in the valley; it is now however one of the most damaged by the years and natural phenomena.
Temple of Asclepius, located far from the ancient town's walls. It was the goal of pilgrimage of people seeking foor healing from illness. The Valley is also home to the so called Tomb of Theron, a large tuff monument of pyramidal shape; scholars suppose it was built to celebrate the Roman victims in the Second Punic War.

Temple of Juno Lacinia

This temple was constructed on a mostly artificial spur. It dates to c. 450 BC, measuring 38.15 x 16.90 m: it is in Doric style, peripteros with 6 x 13 columns, preceded by a pronaos and opisthodomos. The basement has four steps. Current remains (including anastylosis from the 18th century onwards) the front columnade with parts of the architrave and of the frieze (only fragments of the other three sides are present), with few elements of the cella. The building was damaged in the fire of 406 BC and restored in Roman times, with the substitution of the roof tiles with marble ones and the addition of a steep rise in the are where today can be seen the remains of the altar. Nearby are arcosolia and other sepultures from Byzantine times, belonging to the late 6th century AD renovation of the Temple of Concordia into a Christian church.

Temple of Concordia

Due to its good state of preservation, the Temple of Concordia is ranked amongst the most notable edifices of the Greek civilization existing today. It has a peristatis of 6 x 13 columns built over a basament of 39.44 x 16.91 m; each Doric column has twenty grooves and a slight entasis, and is surmounted by an architratave with triglyphs and metopes; also perfectly preserved are the tympani. The cella, preceded by a pronaos, is accessed by a single step; also existing are the pylons with the stairs which allowed to reach the roof and, over the cella's walls and in the blocks of the peristasis' entablature, the holes for the wooden beam of the ceiling. The exterior and the interior of the temples were covered by polychrome stucco. The upper frame had gutters with lion-like protomes, while the roof was covered by marble tiles. When the temple was turned into a church the entrance was moved to the rear, and the rear wall of the cella had to be destroyed. The spaces between the columns were closed, while 12 arched openings were created in the cella, in order to obtain a structure with one nave and two aisles. The pagan altar was destroyed and sacristies were carved out in the eastern corners. The sepultures visible inside and outside the temple date to the High Middle Age.

Temple of Asclepius

The temple of Asclepius is located in the middle of the San Gregorio plain. Its identification is based on a mention by Polybius (I, 18, 2), who states that the temple was "in front of the city", one mile away. However, as the actual distance does not correspond and the size of the building is relatively small, scholars remains dubious about this attribution. The small temple, probably dating to the late 5th century BC and measuring 21.7 x 10.7 m, rises over a basament with three steps. Its peculiarity is the fake opysthodomus with two semi-columns in the external side of the rear cella. Also known are parts of the entablature, with lion-like protomes, a frieze and a ''geison'' pediment. The sanctuary housed a bronze statue of Apollo by Myron, a gift to the city by Scipio, which was stolen by Verres .

Temple of Heracles

The traditional name of this temple comes from another mention by Cicero about a temple dedicated to the classical hero "not far from the forum"; however, it has never been proven the latter (the ''agora'' of the Greek city) was located in this point. Stylistically, the temple belongs to the last years of the 6th century BC. It has been also suggested that this temple was one of first built under Theron. Also the entablature, of which parts have been found, would date it to the 470-460s or the middle 5th century BC (though the more recent remains could be a replacement of the older ones). One hypothesis is that the temple was begun before the Battle of Himera, to be completed only in the following decades. Polyaenus mentions a temple of Athena being built under Theron outside the city, which could be identified with that of "Hercules", though also with a new one in the inner acropolis. The building, with 20th century anastylosis, measures 67 x 25.34 m, with a peristais of 6 x 15  Doric columns and a cella with pronaos and opysthodomus, is located over a three-step basement. It is the first example (later become common in the Agrigento temples) of pylons inserted between the pranos and cella, housing the stair which allowed inspections of the roof. The columns are rather high and have wide capitals. On the eastern side are remains of the large altar. in the Olympeion field.

''Olympeion'' field

On the other side of the road running through the Golden Gate of the ancient city, is a plain commanded by the huge ''Olympeion'' field. This include a ''platea'' with a large temple of Olympian Zeus, plus other areas whose nature is still under investigation from scholars. These include also a sanctuary, including remains of a paved square, a complex ''sacellum'' ("holy enclosure") and a ''tholos''. This, after another gate, is followed by a sanctuary of chtonic deities, an archaic sanctuary, the so called ''colimbetra'' (where was a still unknown gate) and the tip of the spur where the sanctuary is located, with the temple of Vulcan. The Olympeion complex's main attraction is the huge temple of Olympian Zeus, which was described with enthusiastic words by Diodorus Siculus and mentioned by Polybius . Today is reduced in ruins due to destructions begun in the very antiquity and continued through the 18th century, when the temple was used as a stone quarry for the port of Porto Empedocle. Near the south-western corner of the temples is a small edifice (12,45 x 5,90 m) with two naves and a deep ''pronaos'', a double entrance and what has been identified as an altar. Its dating is controversial, though scholars have assigned to the archaic age due to discover of numerous 6th century BC vases. Also archaic is another ''sacellum'', which later was replaced by a classical edifice. These are followed by the scanty remains of a temple (called "Tempio L") dating to the mid-5th century BC, measuring 41.8 x 20.20 meters, to which, in the 3rd century BC, a Hellenistic entablature was added.

Temple of the Dioscuri

North to the Tempio L are the corner of "Temple of Castor and Pollux", which is in a fact a modern reconstruction from the early 19th century, created using pieces from various other temples. It includes four columns and an entablature mounted over the foundings of an originary temple 31 x 13.39 m, and which would have been a Doric perypteros with 6 x 13 columns, and which dated to about the mid-5th century BC.

Temple of Vulcan

On the other side of the valley is the last spur of the hill, commanded by the remains of the Temple of Vulcan. It is a Doric-style building from the 5th century BC, with an archaic ''sacellumm'' enclosed into a Classic-era cella. The ''sacellum'' measures 13.25 x 6.50 meters; its decoration, dating to c. 560-550 BC, has been recently reconstructed. The classic temple, a Doric perypteros, measured 43 x 20.85 meters, rising mounted on a four-step ''krepidoma'' and having 6 x 13 columns; it dates to around 430 BC.

Other remains

On the western side of the city are the remains of the Gates VI and VII, the first probably lying on the road to Heracles, the second having two towers and two external bastions (one having 15-meters thick walls); more northwards are the remains of the Gates VIII and IX, now surrounded by illegal buildings. At the western tip of the area in which the Temple of Concordia is, are parts of late ancient-early medieval necropolis, which took advantage of pre-existing cisterns. Other tombs and catacombs are visible in the so-called ''Grotte Fragapane'', dating to the 4th century AD. These late-Roman and Byzantines necropolises lies in a larger area used for tombs since ancient times. One of these, the so called Tomb of Theron, is a ''naiskos'' sepulchre with square plan. Another gate (IV) is located nearby the tomb of Theron: it should be one of the most important in the city, as it connected it to the sea. West to the ''Olympeion'', are remains of two insulae (residences) 38 m wide, connected by a square to the ancient Gate V. It is likely that they were built re-using structures belonging to the sacred area of the ''Olympeion''. Nearby is a sanctuary with an L-shaped portico from the early 5th century BC, which is annexed to the Gate V. In the area are also two archaic (mid-6th century BC) temples. On the northern side of Gate V is a large stone square leading to the "Sanctuary of the Chtonic Gods". The so-called "Oratory of Phalaris" is in fact a Roman temple, measuring 12.40 x 8.85 m.

References

See also

The Valley of the Temples. A visitor's guide to the Valley of the Temples
Architecture of Ancient Greece
Greek temple
List of Greco-Roman roofs

Valle dei Templi

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