Duca Alessandro de' Medici

Infobox Company

company_name = Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A.
company_logo =
vector_logo =
company_type = Private
genre =
foundation = 1926
founder = Bruno Ducati
Adriano Ducati
Marcello Ducati
location =
location_city = Bologna
location_country = Italy
origins =
key_people = Giampiero Paoli (Chairman)
Gabriele Del Torchio (CEO)
area_served =
industry = Motorcycle manufacturer
products = Motorcycles
revenue = €403.2 million (2008)
net_income = €32.3 million (2008)
num_employees = 1,172 (2008)
parent =
divisions =
subsid = Ducati Corse (MotoGP and SBK Superbike racing)
owner =
company_slogan =
homepage = Ducati.com
dissolved =
footnotes =
Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. is a motorcycle manufacturer in Bologna, Italy. Ducati has achieved prominence in the motorcycle industry, success in motorcycle racing, and is known for its marriage of style with performance.

Company history

Ownership

Since 1926, Ducati has been owned by a number of groups and companies:
(1926–1950) Ducati Family
(1950–1967) Government IRI management ::In 1953 split into Ducati Meccanica-now called Ducati Motor and Ducati Elettronica-now called Ducati Energia
(1967–1978) Government EFIM management (control over day-to-day factory operations) ::(1967–1973) Headed By Giuseppe Montano ::(1973–1978) Headed by Cristiano de Eccher
(1978–1985) VM Group
(1985–1996) Cagiva Group ownership
(1996–2005) Texas-Pacific Group (US-based) ownership and going public ::Headed by CEO Federico Minoli, 1996-2001; returning for 2003–2007
(2005–2008) Investindustrial Holdings SpA (back in Italian hands)
(2008–present) Performance Motorcycles SpA (again in Italian hands and going private) ::An investment vehicle formed by Investindustrial Holdings, BS Investimenti and Hospitals of Ontario Pension Plan

Beginnings

In 1926, three brothers, Adriano, Marcello and Bruno Ducati, founded ''Societa Scientifica Radio Brevetti Ducati'' in Bologna to produce vacuum tubes, condensers and other radio components, becoming successful enough by 1935 to construct a new factory in the Borgo Panigale area of the city. Production was maintained during World War II, despite the Ducati factory being a repeated target for Allied bombing. Meanwhile, at the small Turinese firm SIATA (''Societa Italiana per Applicazioni Tecniche Auto-Aviatorie''), Aldo Farinelli began developing a small pushrod engine for mounting on bicycles. Barely a month after the official liberation of Italy in 1944, SIATA announced its intention to sell this engine, called the "Cucciolo" (Italian for "puppy," in reference to the distinctive exhaust sound) to the public. The first Cucciolos were available alone, to be mounted on standard bicycles, by the buyer; however, businessmen soon bought the little engines in quantity, and offered complete motorized-bicycle units for sale. In 1950, after more than 200,000 Cucciolos had been sold, in collaboration with SIATA, the Ducati firm finally offered its own Cucciolo-based motorcycle. This first Ducati motorcycle was a 60 cc bike weighing had a 15 mm carburetor giving just under 200 mpg (85 km/L). Ducati soon dropped the Cucciolo name in favor of "55M" and "65TL". When the market moved toward larger motorcycles, Ducati management decided to respond, making an impression at an early-1952 Milan show, introducing their 65TS cycle and Cruiser (a four-stroke motor scooter). Despite being described as the most interesting new machine at the 1952 show, the Cruiser was not a great success, and only a few thousand were made over a two-year period before the model ceased production. In 1953, management split the company into two separate entities, Ducati Meccanica SpA and Ducati Elettronica, in acknowledgment of its diverging motorcycle and electronics product lines. Ducati Elettronica became Ducati Energia SpA in the eighties. Dr. Giuseppe Montano took over as head of Ducati Meccanica SpA and the Borgo Panigale factory was modernized with government assistance. By 1954, Ducati Meccanica SpA had increased production to 120 bikes a day. In the 1960s, Ducati earned its place in motorcycling history by producing the then fastest 250 cc road bike available, the Mach 1. In the 1970s Ducati began producing large-displacement L-twin (i.e. a 90° V-twin) motorcycles and in 1973, released an L-twin with the trademarked desmodromic valve design. In 1985, Cagiva bought Ducati and planned to rebadge Ducati motorcycles with the lesser-known Cagiva name (at least outside of Italy). By the time the purchase was completed, Cagiva kept the "Ducati" name on its motorcycles. In 1996, Texas Pacific Group bought a 51% stake in the company for US$325 million; then, in 1998, bought most of the remaining 49% to become the sole owner of Ducati. In 1999, TPG issued an IPO of Ducati stock and renamed the company ''Ducati Motor Holding SpA''. TPG sold over 65% of its shares in Ducati, leaving TPG the majority shareholder. In December 2005, Ducati returned to Italian ownership with the sale of Texas Pacific's stake (minus one share) to Investindustrial Holdings, the investment fund of Carlo and Andrea Bonomi. From the 1960s to the 1990s, the Spanish company MotoTrans licensed Ducati engines and produced motorcycles that, although they incorporated subtle differences, were clearly Ducati-derived. MotoTrans's most notable machine was the 250 cc ''24 Horas'' (Spanish for ''24 hours'').

Motorcycle designs

Ducati is best known for high performance motorcycles characterized by large capacity four-stroke, L-twin (90° twin-cylinder) Modern Ducatis remain among the dominant performance motorcycles available today partly because of the desmodromic valve design, which is nearing its 50th year of use. Desmodromic valves are closed with a separate, dedicated cam lobe and lifter instead of the conventional valve springs used in most internal combustion engines in consumer vehicles. This allows the cams to have a more radical profile, thus opening and closing the valves more quickly without the risk of valve-float, which causes a loss of power, that is likely when using a "passive" closing mechanism under the same conditions. While most other manufacturers utilize wet clutches (with the spinning parts bathed in oil) Ducati uses multiplate dry clutches in many of their current motorcycles. The dry clutch eliminates the power loss from oil viscosity drag on the engine even though the engagement may not be as smooth as the oil bath versions, and the clutch plates can wear more rapidly. Ducati also extensively uses the Trellis Steel Frame configuration, although Ducati's MotoGP project broke with this tradition by introducing a revolutionary carbon fibre frame for the Ducati Desmosedici GP9.

Product history

The chief designer of most Ducati motorcycles in the 1950s was Fabio Taglioni (1920–2001). His designs ranged from the small single-cylinder machines that were successful in the Italian 'street races' to the large-capacity twins of the 1980s. Ducati introduced the Pantah in 1979; its engine was updated in the 1990s in the Ducati SuperSport (SS) series. All modern Ducati engines are derivatives of the Pantah, which uses a toothed belt to actuate the engine's valves. Taglioni used the Cavallino Rampante (identified with the Ferrari brand) on his Ducati motorbikes, Taglioni chose this emblem of courage and daring as a sign of respect and admiration for Francesco Baracca, a heroic World War I fighter pilot who died during an air raid in 1918.

1950s

1960s

1970s

In 1973, Ducati commemorated its 1972 win at the Imola 200 with the production model green frame Ducati 750 SuperSport. In 2006, the retro-styled Ducati PaulSmart1000LE was released, which shares styling cues with the 1973 750 SuperSport (itself a production replica of Paul Smart's 1972 race winning 750 Imola Desmo), as one of a SportClassic series representing the 750 GT, 750 Sport, and 750 SuperSport Ducati motorcycles.

1980s

Ducati's liquid-cooled multi-valve L-twins made from 1985 on are known as ''Desmoquattro'' ("four-valve"). These include the 916 and 996, 999 and a few predecessors and derivatives.

1990s

In 1993, Miguel Angel Galuzzi introduced the Ducati Monster, a naked bike with exposed trellis and engine. Today the Monster accounts for almost half of the company's worldwide sales. The Monster has undergone the most changes of any motorcycle that Ducati has ever produced. After more than a decade of manufacturing, Ducati continues to make innovative changes to this classic motorcycle. In 1993, Pierre Terblanche , Massimo Bordi and Claudio Domenicali designed the Ducati Supermono . A 550 cc single cylinder light weight "Catalog Racer". Only 67 were built between 1993-1997. In 1994, the company introduced the Ducati 916 model designed by Massimo Tamburini, a water-cooled version that allowed for higher output levels and a striking new bodywork that featured aggressive lines, an underseat exhaust, and a single-sided swingarm. Ducati has since ceased production of the 916, supplanting it (and its progeny, the 748, 996 and 998) with the 749 and 999.

2000s

Monster 620,695,750,900,S2R, S4R
ST2, ST3, ST4
Paul Smart 1000LE, Sport 1000, Sport 1000S, GT 1000 Touring
SuperSport 750, 900, 1000
748, 749
996, 998, 999, 1098, 1098S, 1098R
Desmosedici RR

Current lineup

; Monster
696
1100
1100S ; Multistrada
1200
1200S ; SportClassic
GT 1000 ; Superbike
848
1198
1198 S
1198 S Corse
1198 R Corse ; Hypermotard
796
1100 evo
1100 evo SP ; Streetfighter
Streetfighter
Streetfighter S

Engines

Desmodue: Desmodromic two valve air cooled, 40° included valve angle, (800SS, Multistrada 620, Monster 620 695 696 803 992)
Desmodue Double Spark: Desmo two valve , air cooled, 40° included valve angle, (1000DS, Multistrada 1000, 1000S, Monster S2R 1000, SportClassic GT 1000, Sport 1000, 1000S, Hypermotard 1100, 1100S)
Desmotre Double Spark: Desmo three valve, liquid cooled, 40° included valve angle, (ST3)
Desmoquattro Testastretta: Desmo four valve, liquid cooled, 25° included valve angle, (999, 749, Monster S4R, S4RS)
Testastretta Evoluzione: Desmo four valve, liquid cooled, 25° included valve angle, (848, 1098, 1198)

Motorcycle design history

Ducati (in its various incarnations) has produced several styles of motorcycle engines, including varying the number of cylinders, type of valve actuation and fuel delivery. Ducati is best known for its "L-Twin" motor which is the powerplant in the majority of Ducati-marqued motorcycles. Ducati has also manufactured engines with one, two, three or four cylinders; operated by pull rod valves and push rod valves; single, double and triple overhead camshafts; two stroke and even at one stage manufactured a stationary diesel engine, many of which were used as emergency pumps (e.g. for fire fighting). They have also produced outboard motors for marine use. Currently, Ducati makes no other engines except for its motorcycles. On current Ducati motors except for the Desmosedici, the valves are actuated by a standard valve cam shaft which is rotated by a timing belt driven by the motor directly. The teeth on the belt keep the camshaft drive pulleys indexed. On older Ducati motors, prior to 1986, drive was by solid shaft that transferred to the camshaft through bevel-cut gears. This method of valve actuation was used on many of Ducati's older single cylinder motorcycles – the shaft tube is visible on the outside of the cylinder. Ducati is also famous for using the desmodromic valve system championed by engineer and designer Fabio Taglioni though they have also used engines that use valve springs to close their valves. In the early days, Ducati reserved the desmodromic valve heads for its higher performance bikes and its race bikes. These valves do not suffer from valve float at high engine speeds, thus a desmodromic engine is capable of far higher revolutions than a similarly configured engine with traditional spring-valve heads. In the 1960s and 1970s Ducati produced a wide range of small two-stroke bikes, mainly sub-100 cc capacities. Large quantities of some models were exported to the U.S. Ducati has produced the following motorcycle engine types:
Single cylinder,
*pullrod actuated, 48 cc and 65 cc (Cucciolo)
*pushrod actuated, 98 and 125 cc
*two stroke, 50, 80, 90, 100, 125 cc
*bevel actuated, spring valved: 98 cc, 100 cc, 125 cc, 160 cc, 175 cc, 200 cc, 239 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc, 450 cc
*bevel actuated, desmodromic valved : 239 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc and 450 cc
*belt actuated, desmodromic valved : 549/572 cc Supermono, only 65 made.
Two cylinder,
*bevel actuated, spring valved (L-Twin): 750 cc, 860 cc
*bevel actuated, desmo valved (L-Twin): 750 cc, 860 cc, 973 cc (Mille)
*chain actuated, spring valved (parallel twin): 350 cc, 500 cc (GTL)
*chain actuated, desmo valved (parallel twin): 500 cc (500SD)
*belt actuated, desmo valved (L-Twin): Almost all motors since 1986.
Four cylinder,
*gear actuated, desmo valved (L-quattro): (Desmosedici)
*pushrod actuated, spring valved (L-4): Prototype Apollo, only two made.

Enthusiasts groups

A key part of Ducati's marketing strategy since the 90's has been fostering a distinct community identity in connection with branding efforts, including online communities, and local, regional and national Ducati enthusiast clubs. There are more than 400 Ducati clubs worldwide, and 20,000 registered users of the Ducati Owners Club web site and 17,000 subscribers to the racing web site. In North America there are several Ducati enthusiasts organizations, with varying degrees of factory sponsorship. DESMO, the Ducati Enthusiast Sport Motorcycle Organization, is a North American group affiliated with the factory Desmo Owners Club.

Ducati products other than motorcycles

Ducati Meccanica (as the company was previously known) has its marque on non-motorcycle products as well. In the 1930s and 1940s, Ducati manufactured radios, cameras, and electrical products such as a razor. The Ducati Sogno was a half-frame Leica-like camera which is now a collector's item. Ducati and Bianchi (bicycle manufacturer) have developed and launched a new line of racing bicycles. Currently, there are four Ducati companies: Ducati Motor Holding (the subject of this article), Ducati Corse (which runs the Ducati racing program and is wholly owned by Ducati Motor Holding), Ducati Energia, a designer and manufacturer of electrical and electronic components and systems and Ducati Sistemi, a subsidiary of Ducati Energia. All are located in Borgo Panigale in Bologna, Italy. Ducati Motor Holding often uses electrical components and subsystems from Ducati Energia.

Merchandising

Ducati has a wide range of accessories, lifestyle products and co-branded merchandise bearing their logos and designs. The company has a licensing agreement with Tumi Inc., launching a collection of eight co-branded luggage pieces in 2006 sold through both of the brands' retail outlets.

Racing history

(motoGP) Ducati has a long history with racing, still subscribing to the "win on Sunday, sell on Monday" business model allocating 10% of the companies revenue (approximately $60 million) on racing.

MotoGP World Championship

Ducati rejoined Grand Prix motorcycle racing in , after a 30 year absence. On September 23, 2007, Casey Stoner clinched his and Ducati's first Grand Prix World Championship. When Ducati re-joined MotoGP in , MotoGP reduced the engine size to 800 cc, and Ducati continued to be the fastest with a bike that was markedly quicker than its rivals as was displayed by Casey Stoner on tracks with long straights. For , Ducati Marlboro Team campaigned their Desmosedici GP9 with former World Champions Casey Stoner and Nicky Hayden. Ducati also supplies customer bikes to the Alice Team, with Mika Kallio and Niccolò Canepa riding for the team in 2009. Ducati has announced that for the season, nine-time world champion Valentino Rossi will ride for Ducati Corse.

Citation |url= http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/Fiat+Yamaha+announcement |accessdate=2010-08-18 |date= 15 August 2010 |title=

Yamaha and Valentino Rossi to part company at end of 2010 (press release) |author = Fiat Yamaha |publisher= MotoGP.com Official Website
_ Ducati had an important place in early Superbike racing history in the United States and vice versa: In 1977, Cycle (magazine) editors Cook Neilson and Phil Schilling took a Ducati 750SS to first place at Daytona in the second-ever season of AMA Superbike racing. " Neilson retired from racing at the end of the year, but the bike he and Schilling built — nicknamed Old Blue for its blue livery — became a legend," says Richard Backus from Motorcycle Classics: "How big a legend? Big enough for Ducati to team with Italian specialty builder NCR to craft a limited-edition update, New Blue, based on the 2007 Sport 1000S, and big enough to inspire the crew at the Barber Vintage Motorsports Museum (see Barber Motorsports Park), arguably one of the most important motorcycle museums in the world, to commission Ducati specialist Rich Lambrechts to craft a bolt-by-bolt replica for its collection. The finished bike's name? Deja Blue."

See also

Desmodromic
List of Italian companies
List of motorcycle manufacturers

References

External links

ducati.com Official website

Duca Alessandro de' Medici